When delivering exceptional sheet metal fabrication projects for our clients, it’s important we understand exactly what properties the metals we use have – so we can work out what will deliver the desired results. Such properties include considering the metals that rust, so we can avoid causing damage to the structures we create.
If you’re interested in finding out more about what metals rust, we discuss it all in our blog below. Read on to find out more about which metals rust, what sheet metal fabricators use to prevent it, and ways you can treat rusting.
Interested in another service? Get in touch at 01484 843599 to find out what else we offer.
What is rust?
Rust is a chemical compound made from iron and oxygen. It occurs when a specific type of metal is exposed to oxygen and moisture – such as humidity in the air. The iron atoms in the metal respond to the oxygen and moisture in the air by forming an iron oxide, also known as rust.
Put simply, rust is a form of corrosion that can happen to any iron-containing metal. Reddish-brown in appearance, the texture of rust will begin rough, and eventually wear in time and become flaky.
Why is rusting a serious problem?
Rusting can be a serious problem for those working in industries that rely on the application of different types of metals to form structures, or as part of a manufacturing process. These reasons might include:
Structural damage
As a result of the wear and tear rusting creates, it can cause damage to any structures being manufactured with iron-containing metals. For example, as time goes by, the rust will replace parts of the metal with a flaky powder instead which ultimately makes them weaker.
This can cause problems for structures such as bridges or automobiles, which rely on the strength of the metal they use to hold a considerable amount of weight.
Reduced inefficiency
In addition to the damage it can cause to metal structures, rust can also increase the likelihood of inefficiency in products that use metals with iron in them. For example, in some metal structures, magnetism is a key property to ensure it delivers its purpose.
This includes medical equipment, such as hospital water infiltration systems – which use magnetism to change the physical and chemical characteristics of the water to make it safer. If rust occurs in these systems it will decrease the levels of magnetism in the metals they use. Subsequently, the systems will fail to work as well and won’t be able to produce the same results as they did initially.
Costly
Rust in metal systems can also cause problems when it comes to the cost spent on repairing them. For example, companies that rely on iron-containing metal (or otherwise known as a ferrous metal) structures will have to account for the possibility of rust occurring.
There are several different types of metals that rust, including:
Steel
Steel is an alloy of iron and carbon, so it is prone to rusting. Typically, steel that has cheap production will also be more likely to rust than steel that has been manufactured to a high-quality standard. But it also depends on the environment the steel is located in. For example, steel is more likely to rust in acidic conditions – such as certain mining operations, than alkaline conditions – like seawater.
Cast iron
A combination of iron and carbon, cast iron is likely to rust despite its resistance to wear and tear. Cast iron is typically used in cooking for manufacturing skillets. If it’s left too long in water, such as if the user is soaking it after cooking, it can cause it to rust. To avoid this, it might have a protective coating, such as a carbonised oil called ‘seasoning’.
Another alloy of iron and carbon (albeit, a very low amount), wrought iron will likely rust if exposed to moisture and oxygen. Wrought iron is more difficult to produce than cast iron, as it is made by heating and moulding the iron within it. But it also has a smaller chance of rusting than cast iron, so might be the best option to use out of the two.
Which metals do not rust?
Fortunately for sheet metal fabrication projects, there are still a number of metals that do not rust, including:
Stainless steel
Unlike normal steel, stainless steel does not rust. Whilst it does actually contain iron, it also contains chromium – a corrosion-resistant material. When the stainless steel reacts with oxygen, it creates a protective oxidised layer. As the iron doesn’t get a chance to be exposed to oxygen or moisture because of this layer, it therefore won’t rust.
Aluminium
As it contains no iron, aluminium will not rust. It is a standalone element on the periodic table that contains nothing but itself. That’s why it is commonly used in outside/outdoor projects and sculptures, such as pergolas and verandas attached to a property.
Copper and bronze
Bronze is a metal that does contain iron but only in small amounts. A mixture of copper and tin, bronze can react to oxygen but in different ways. For example, it might deteriorate as time passes. Meanwhile, copper is a completely pure element on the periodic table and contains no iron, so it does not rust either.
How do you prevent metals from rusting?
Fortunately for sheet metal fabrication companies and other businesses that use metal in their manufacturing, there are ways you can prevent metals from rusting.
Apply a powder coating
One way you can prevent metals from rusting is by applying a powder coating. A powder coating has excellent resistance to corrosion as it creates a barrier between the metal surface and oxygen/moisture, meaning it’s less likely to rust.
Better yet, it’s a much more cost-effective solution compared to liquid coatings, because it has more longevity and will therefore require less maintenance and upkeep.
Galvanise the metal
Galvanising metal is the process of applying a layer of zinc to steel or iron to prevent corrosion. If the zinc coating is scratched, the exposed steel or iron will still be protected from rusting by the remaining zinc.
Similar to powder coating, galvanising metal creates a barrier that prevents the metal from being exposed to oxygen and moisture, and therefore prevents rust occurring.
Paint the metal and store it properly
As with the above solutions, painting the metal will act as a barrier that protects the metals from rusting.
Paint also acts as an electrical insulator; slowing down the process of corrosion by slowing the flow of the current. This current encourages a reaction that stimulates corrosion.
What metals rust: FAQs
Can you remove rust from metal?
Yes, you can remove rust from metal – it just depends on the severity of it and how much it has affected the material. Some ways you can remove rust from metal include:
Vinegar: This solution is best used on steel or on metal coated in significant rust. Individuals can remove the rust once soaking the metals affected in a vinegar bath overnight. Or, if it cannot be submerged in vinegar, you can soak a cloth and wrap it around the rusted area instead.
Potato and soap: You can also use potato and dish soap to remove rust from metal. Slice a potato in half and cover it with dish soap, then rub it on the rust. This creates a chemical reaction in the rust that makes it easier to remove.
Lemon and salt: Small amounts of rust can be removed with a combination of lemon and salt. You can do this by coating the layer of rust with salt, and then squeezing lemon juice on top. Let the coating sit for a little bit, then scrub it with the rind of the fruit. Repeat until the rust disappears.
Can you paint rusted metal?
In theory, it is possible to paint rusted metal, but it’s advisable not to.
Ideally, you should remove the rust first and then paint, as a coat of paint can be easily damaged or flake off if applied on top of the rust.
What are the three types of rusting?
There are three different types of rusting that can occur, including:
Red rust: Red rust is the most common type of rust you can find on metals.
White rust: White rust can form when zinc in metals reacts with oxygen.
Yellow rust: Yellow rust is often found on copper and brass surfaces.
Choose Salamander Fabrications for Accurate Results
At Salamander Fabrications, we can make your metal sheet fabrication projects come to life – taking protective measures to avoid rusting.
With services ranging from laser cutting and powder coating, to welding and sheet metal fabrication, we’re here to help provide you with a solution that your business will be proud of. Interested in how we can help get your project off the ground? Contact our team of experts today.
All metals come with different properties that make them useful to manufacturers and engineers. But, what exactly makes a metal magnetic? And why do some metals not have any magnetic properties?
If you’d like an answer to the above questions, you’re in luck. In our blog below, you can find a magnetic metals list, as well as the answers to other questions you might have about metals and magnetism. Read on to find out more.
To find out more about Salamander Fabrication’s sheet metal fabrication service, get in touch with our sales team today at 01484 843599.
What does it mean when a metal is magnetic?
When a metal is magnetic, it creates a magnetic field that has attractive and repulsive forces on a magnet.
Magnetism in metals is caused by an uneven distribution of electrons in atoms. As this distribution moves and rotates irregularly, it shifts the charge inside the atom back and forth. As a result, magnetic dipoles (a closed loop of an electric current) are created.
What are the types of magnetism?
Before we dive into the types of metals that have magnetic properties, let’s first explore the different types of magnetism:
Ferromagnetism
Ferromagnetism is the strongest type of magnetic behaviour, as well as the most common. Materials that have these magnetic properties showcase attraction to magnets and can be magnetised. Those with ferromagnetic materials have unpaired electrons in their atoms.
Antiferromagnetism
As the name suggests, antiferromagnetism is the opposite of ferromagnetism. In this type of magnetism, electrons within a material come together to form a chain of oppositely charged particles, despite the materials not appearing to have any magnetic properties. But, as the temperature rises, the electrons will randomly scatter and become magnetic. This is known as the Vanille temperature.
Ferrimagnetism
This type of magnetism occurs in solid materials where the individual atoms align themselves in an unplanned way. It is similar to ferromagnetism, but it differs in the fact that the atoms might align themselves parallel, in the same direction, or in opposite ways rather than in just one direction.
Paramagnetism
Paramagnetism happens when there is a presence of unpaired electrons – which act like tiny magnets – within a material, that causes a weak attraction to a strong magnet. Examples of paramagnetic materials include oxygen, aluminium – and other rare earth elements from the periodic table.
Diamagnetism
Diamagnetism is the complete opposite of paramagnetism, in that in diamagnetic materials, electrons are paired and none are freely available. As they are orbiting in opposite directions, they produce no magnetic field. Meaning, diamagnetic materials are always repulsed and will be repelled in any magnetic field.
Magnetic metals list
Let’s take a look at some of the most commonly used magnetic metals below:
Steel
Steel is highly susceptible to metal attraction so is a ferromagnetic metal. However, the properties of the steel in question affects how magnetic it is. For example, if it has smaller grain sizes – this can enhance its magnetic properties. Or, if the nickel level rises in a steel alloy, this can make it more magnetic.
Iron
Iron is an abundant metal and easily sourced – which is why it’s commonly used within a variety of industries. It is a ferromagnetic material which makes it useful for applications in electrical and electromechanical devices, such as in the transportation industry to help make electric motors.
Cobalt
Cobalt is another ferromagnetic metal, found within the Earth’s crust in a chemically combined form. It’s considered to be a valuable type of metal as it can be used in many portable electronic devices that are a part of our daily lives. This includes telephones, tablets and laptops.
Nickel
Nickel is a ferromagnetic metal that is silvery white in appearance. It’s considered to be tougher and harder than iron. As it resists corrosion, it is used to plate other metals as a way of protecting them from the elements. What’s more, it’s also used to make alloys such as stainless steel.
Gadolinium
Gadolinium is a paramagnetic metal that is only temporarily magnetised when placed in the vicinity of a magnetic field. This is the result of its structure allowing for a bigger number of unpaired electrons. Gadolinium is most commonly known for being used to make images clearer in an MRI scan.
Dysprosium
Dysprosium has different magnetic properties depending on the temperature it is kept at. If it is below 85K, it is considered to be ferromagnetic, but is antiferromagnetic when between 85 and 179K. Anything above that and it is a paramagnetic material.
Terbium
When it is below 219K, terbium is a ferromagnetic material, but when above this temperature, it turns into an antiferromagnetic state. Terbium has an extensive amount of uses, including in low-energy lightbulbs and mercury lamps. It can also be used in the science industry to improve the quality of medical x-ray images.
Which metal has the strongest magnetism?
The metal with the strongest magnetism is Neodymium iron boron (NdFeb), which is made from an alloy of neodymium, iron, and boron.
This alloy was developed in 1984 and is the most widely used permanent magnet made from rare earth materials.
Which metals are not magnetic?
There are several metals that aren’t magnetic – meaning they cannot be made into magnets and will not be attracted to magnetic fields. These include:
Choose Salamander Fabrications for Accurate Results
At Salamander Fabrications, we’ve been providing high-quality sheet metal fabrication services since 1968, so are more than equipped to choose the right metals for your next project.
With our team’s extensive amount of expertise, we’ll listen to your needs and find a solution that suits your project. No matter which one of our sheet metal fabrication services you use – such as CAD design or powder coating – Salamander Fabrications will provide you with precise, accurate and high-quality results. For more information about our services, get in touch with our team of experts today.
Since the 1960s, Computer Aided Design (CAD) has been utilised by both designers and engineers to help create, amend, and optimise product designs. This helps to increase the quality of the product – and ultimately achieve a higher level of user/customer satisfaction.
At Salamander Fabrications, our CAD design service is one of the vital beginning stages within our sheet metal fabrication process – forming part of nearly every project we work on.
So, we know better than most how useful CAD software can be when we provide our metal fabrication services. That’s why we’ve created our own blog below to highlight the pros of using CAD. Read on to find out more about the advantages of CAD, who uses CAD software, and some drawbacks you might encounter.
To find out more about Salamander Fabrications’ CAD design services, get in touch with our sales team today at 01484 843599.
Prior to the introduction of CAD, designers would mock up the design for a product on paper – painstakingly drawing every detail. When a feature needed to be modified, the designer would have to redraw the entire product.
But, thanks to the many features of CAD, businesses that use it can design mock-ups which can then be modified, reviewed, and shared in real time. This helps streamline the design process and enables real-time collaboration amongst team members – but these aren’t the only advantages the service offers…
The advantages of using CAD
As mentioned, there are a vast amount of advantages you can receive when using CAD software – or when you work with a business that does. Let’s explore the benefits of CAD in more detail below:
Comprehensive and simple designs
When it comes to product drawings, some designs can be much more difficult to comprehend than others. For example, architectural designs might be harder to envisage without the use of 3D modelling due to the complexity of their structure.
But, when using CAD designs, individuals can better visualise a manufacturing project and understand the vision of the designer thanks to the 3D models they can create, which shows every angle, surface, and view of the product.
Minimises the chance of errors occurring
Using CAD software can also help minimise the chance of errors occurring. This is because of the many features the software provides, including:
Design alteration
Design precision
Design tools, such as animations
Simulation capabilities
All of the above means users of CAD software can make adjustments to their products with ease, without having to start a design from scratch. Moreover, if a design has an unmistakable flaw, it will likely be noticed during the 3D model stage, and not when the product is in its final stages of design – which is when it’s more difficult to modify.
Increased productivity and time efficiency
Another advantage of using CAD software is that it can help increase productivity and efficiency within a business. We’ve already mentioned how mistakes can be fixed more quickly using CAD software than with a design that has been drawn, but it also has several automation features that streamline the process.
For example, it can fill in portions of a building’s design plans with its automated drafting tools. Or, it can even create design plans based on preset parameters and templates. So, instead of starting a design from the very beginning, you can save time by using a template to provide the foundations of the structure.
Easier integration with manufacturing processes
CAD software also allows for easier integration with other manufacturing processes. It can be used in conjunction with CAE (computer-aided software engineering) which can give the designer/engineer a better idea of how the product will work in the real world.
For example, CAE tools can simulate how a product will react in different conditions, such as with heavier loads and environmental conditions. When used with CAD, the engineering/design process is much smoother because users are able to develop the products more quickly than with physical designs.
What are the drawbacks of using CAD?
It’s no secret – CAD has definitely improved the working lives of designers and engineers all over the world. But, whilst its technology has helped businesses in a manner of ways, it still comes with some drawbacks that you need to be aware of, including:
Infrastructure limitations
One drawback that can occur when using CAD software is that it is used online. And, with any IT application or software, it can be prone to technological crashes which could disrupt the design or cause data loss.
To avoid this, ensure you save your work frequently, and if you can, use an auto-save feature.
Consistent training is needed
Consistent training with CAD software is a must if you want to create seamless designs. But, it does mean investing time and money in the development of staff to ensure they have the qualifications to use CAD.
If you want to save money, consider asking one of your trained experts to guide others into using the best practice with CAD software.
Different formats
Different CAD software programmes will also have different IT requirements – making it more difficult to share and collaborate on designs if your engineers are using various devices. To minimise this issue, ensure your equipment is frequently updated and troubleshoot common problems when you can.
CAD software might be the future of manufacturing, but no piece of software is perfect. But being aware of the potential drawbacks of using CAD can better equip businesses to handle them if and when they do occur.
FAQs
Who uses CAD software?
It might seem industry-specific, but CAD software is actually utilised by many people within a variety of professions. For example, CAD is used by:
Engineers: CAD software is mostly utilised by engineers, as it gives them the precision and accuracy that allows them to get a better picture of how the product they’re manufacturing will work in a real-life environment.
Product designers: Whether it’s to design smaller components of a piece of equipment for businesses, or to create a product for consumers, any type of product designer can benefit from using CAD software. Mostly, they’ll be able to take advantage of real-time modifications without having to start their design again.
Graphic designers: It might seem surprising, but graphic designers can also benefit from using CAD software. They can use it to help clients visualise a product; and take advantage of the many tools it offers, such as the ability to add digital effects, different backgrounds, and even animations.
What is the best CAD software?
There are a variety of CAD software applications available. Finding out which one will suit your needs the best depends on your industry, business, products or services. When assessing which software is best for your business, ensure you consider factors including:
Budget: You might have the funds to pay for CAD software, but don’t forget, there are free options available as well.
Desired features: Ensure you consider your desired features. If you’re a graphic designer, animation effects might be important to you to have in your package.
User reviews: Ensure you look into reviews of the CAD software you’re thinking of purchasing. It doesn’t hurt to get real-life recommendations, too!
At Salamander, we use SOLIDWORKS, an industry leading CAD software package that specialises in 2D and 3D design. And, because we’re dedicated to staying ahead of the curve when it comes to technological innovations, we update our package regularly to ensure we always provide the most cutting-edge software.
Contact Salamander Fabrications for accurate results
After reading the above, you might now be convinced of the many benefits CAD design offers. So much so that you’re interested in using it in your next sheet metal fabrication project. But, where do you begin to find a service that is familiar with CAD and knows how to use it to provide the best possible results?
Luckily, when you work with Salamander Fabrications, our design team has years of experience in product design and creation – as well as extensive knowledge about applying this to a sheet metal fabrication context.
We’ll help you get your projects off the ground with our variety of sheet metal fabrication services, including laser cutting and welding.
Welding might sound like a fairly simple process, but in reality, it’s a technical craft that requires a specific skill set; including high levels of attention to detail and precision.
What’s more, the individual performing the process needs to be aware of what welding joints to use so that they can guarantee a high-quality weld. Since there are several different types of welding joints to choose from, it’s important to pick the right one for your weld, since different ones offer different qualities.
That’s why we’ve highlighted the five most common welding joints in our blog below. Read on to find out what they are, their applications, and how to choose the right one for your project…
Interested in our welding services? Get in touch at 01484 843599 to find out what we can offer your business.
1. Butt joint weld
Starting with one of the most common types of joints – the butt joint weld is where two flat pieces of metal are aligned in the same plane at an angle before the weld begins. Butt joint welds have many variations, including:
Square
V-groove
Single bevel
What variation a welder chooses for this joint depends on the type of weld being produced. For example, square groove welds are better for materials being welded which are moderately thick.
What are the common applications of a butt joint weld?
Butt joint welds are most commonly used in sheet metal fabrication, in the fabrication of structures, such as bridges and parking garages, as well as piping systems. They are also used in the transportation industry for the manufacturing of car frames and exhaust systems.
2. Lap joint weld
A lap joint weld is a similar process to a butt joint weld, but instead of joining the metals side by side, they are placed so they overlap each other. With these types of weld, you can either provide a full lap joint or a half lap joint.
In a full lap joint, no materials are removed from the piece joined – meaning the weld is a combination of both materials’ thicknesses. With a halving laps joint, material is removed from both pieces, so they can join together to create a thickness uniform with the rest of the weld.
Pros:
Better for aesthetic purposes as provides a neater finish
Have a large surface area for the weld
Cons:
The overlapping metals might not be suitable for all types of aesthetic applications
Correct welding speed must be used otherwise it can be prone to cracking
What are the common applications of a lap joint weld?
Lap joint welds are commonly used in sheet metal fabrication projects, as well as in the repair of metal structures. They are also used within the aircraft and spacecraft sector, to form structural components.
3. Corner joint weld
To count as a corner joint weld, two pieces of material in a weld must be joined at a right angle. This is so the materials ultimately form an L-shape.
To be classed as a corner joint weld, the metals must be joined together at a 90 degree angle. Any other angle would be considered a fillet weld.
Pros:
Can withstand a variety of materials
Offers a clean appearance so suitable for aesthetic projects
Can experience more bouts of wear and tear at its seams
What are the common applications of a corner joint weld?
Corner joint welds have proven popular in the sheet metal fabrication industry because they act as a focal point of stress, which makes them perfect for making boxes and frames.
4. Edge joint weld
Edge joint welds are similar to corner joint welds in that they help join two metals together. However, edge joints join the metal side-by-side. Depending on the application, the joint can be angled.
They’re often considered to be easy to assemble and a better alternative to corner welds – if an accurate fit is necessary.
Pros:
Fairly easy to assemble and master
No need to prepare materials before welding as the edges used are typically already smooth and even
Cons:
Can’t withstand heavy loads
Weld can struggle to penetrate all the way
What are the common applications of an edge joint weld?
As they are similar to corner joint welds, they have similar applications too. Edge joint welds are used in sheet metal projects, as well as piping where accuracy is essential.
5. Tee joint weld
A tee joint weld gets its name from assuming the shape of the letter ‘T’, and involves welding two perpendicular pieces of metal together.
They’re considered to be a type of fillet weld, and are faster and easier to produce than other welding joints in the list.
Pros:
Simple and quick to create
Can withstand stronger materials
Cons:
Must prepare edges if materials are thicker
Are more prone to corrosion
What are the common applications of a tee joint weld?
Tee joint welds are most commonly used in equipment manufacturing – for example, within packaging machinery. They are especially useful for those working with thin materials such as plates or sheets.
Types of welding joints: FAQs
What exactly are welding joints?
Welding joints refer to the point or edge where two (or more) metals are fused together.
The process of welding dates back to 3000 B.C., so it makes sense that within this time we’ve developed higher standards around the process. That’s why small details, such as choosing the right welding joint are very important, as they can impact the quality of the weld.
How do you choose the right welding joint for your project?
To choose the right welding joint for your project, ensure you consider the following factors:
Materials: Assess the materials you will use in your weld. This will indicate what strength of weld joint you need. For example, if you’re using thicker materials, you might need to use a butt joint as they have good mechanical strength.
Welding process: You should also consider the welding process when you choose a weld joint. This is because some joints are more suitable for welding in certain positions than others.
Accessibility: Evaluate what the process of your weld will entail before choosing your weld joint. For example, if you have poor weld area accessibility, it’s best to pick a weld joint that is easier to access, such as the butt joint.
Are you looking for a full-service sheet metal fabrication company?
Since our inception in 1968, we’ve been a part of a variety of different sheet metal fabrication projects. So when it comes to choosing the right materials – from the most suitable type of metal right down to the correct welding joint – we know exactly what will work best for your specific project.
Using our variety of sheet metal fabrication services, including welding and CAD design, as well as laser cutting, we’ll get to work on providing you with a high-quality, cost-effective result that exceeds your expectations.
Mild steel is affordable, strong, and offers easy fabrication, making it a common material for metal fabrication services. If you’re still asking yourself the question ‘What is mild steel?’ – we’re here to help answer it.
In our blog below, we’ll dive into more detail regarding the material’s grades and typical applications, as well as the properties of mild steel.
What exactly is mild steel?
Mild steel is a ferrous metal made from a combination of iron and carbon – amounting to around 0.05% – 0.25%, making it known as a low-carbon steel.
As a result of this low carbon content, mild steel is more ductile and malleable, making it easier to work with when compared to higher carbon steels.
What are the properties of mild steel?
Mild steel has several properties associated with it – making it an affordable and versatile choice for those working in metal fabrication, welding, and powder coating services. Let’s explore some more below in more detail.
Chemical composition
As mentioned, carbon content is usually between 0.05% and 0.25%, which is considered low.
The rest of this material’s composition is mostly iron, with potential traces of other elements such as manganese, silicon, and phosphorus.
Mechanical properties
Mild steel has a moderate tensile strength, typically around 400-550 MPa (megapascals). This makes it strong enough for some structural applications, but higher carbon steels are still a much stronger option.
It’s also highly ductile and malleable too. So it can be stretched, rolled, and bent, as well as being able to withstand sheet metal folding and be shaped into various forms without breaking. This type of steel can absorb impact and shock well, making it durable under heavy loads or stress. It can also be hardened through heat treatment processes like case hardening.
Thermal properties
The melting point of mild steel is around 1,425 to 1,505°C.
It offers good thermal conductivity, making it suitable for heat exchanging applications.
Weldability
All of the different types of welding (including MIG, TIG, and spot welding) work well with mild steel, due to its low carbon content.
It typically does not require any special processes or equipment to undergo welding services.
Highly magnetic
Mild steel is highly magnetic due to its high iron content.
This is one reason why it’s commonly used in the motor industry and in other electrical equipment.
This is unless it is painted or powder coated. Powder coating services provide a hard wearing, water resistant finish that is not vulnerable to damage from chemicals or UV light. Find out more with our ultimate guide to powder coating.
Machinability
Mild steel is relatively easy to machine and fabricate using industrial methods such as laser cutting, drilling, and turning.
Mild steel grades
Mild steel is commonly classified under British and European standards – otherwise known as Eurocodes or structural steel design standards. These common mild steel grades are used in various industries depending on the required mechanical properties.
Let’s take a look at some mild steel grades in more detail.
Mild steel grade | EN 1.0038 / S235JR (EN)
Carbon content (approx):
0.12% to 0.20%
Properties:
Good machinability and moderate strength.
Typical applications:
Structural work in buildings, bridges, and general construction.
Mild steel grade | EN 1.0038 / S235JR (EN) / BS EN 10025
Carbon content (Approx):
0.25%
Properties:
Higher strength than S235JR. Good ductility.
Typical applications:
Large-scale projects like bridges and offshore structures.
There are several different projects and processes in which mild steel is used. For example, in:
Construction and structural applications
Mild steel is widely used in the construction of buildings, bridges, and other infrastructure to create components such as beams, columns and frames.
This is due to its high strength and ability to bear heavy loads. It can also be found in reinforced concrete structures as it is used to strengthen the structure and prevent cracking.
Automotive and transportation industry
Mild steel is a common material in the automotive and transportation industries. There are many parts of a vehicle that are often made from mild steel because it is easily formed and welded. This includes:
Body panels
Chassis and frames
Engine parts, such as brackets and supports
Interior decorations
It’s also widely used on our railways, and to create certain components of train bodies and undercarriage structures too.
Engineering and fabrication
Due to its excellent weldability, mild steel is used for fabricating metal structures, such as bridges, platforms, and frameworks.
It’s also used to create fasteners like nuts, bolts, and screws.
Machinery and equipment
Mild steel is a common material found in many areas of the agricultural sector. It is used to make parts for tractors, ploughs, and many other forms of farming machinery due to its durability and ability to handle heavy loads.
It’s also used to fabricate components for industrial machinery like conveyors, gears, and shafts.
Household appliances
Last but not least, mild steel is also used…within your home! A lot of the white goods in your household, such as your refrigerator or washing machine, will contain mild steel components.
It’s also commonly used in the production of metal furniture, like shelving units and bed frames. This is mainly due to the material’s durability and affordability.
Mild steel and metal fabrication services
Here at Salamander Fabrications, the experienced team that runs our sheet metal fabrication services understands exactly what mild steel is and what to do with it.
Our experts have a wealth of experience and the skills required to turn your product or project ideas into reality.
To do so we may employ a number of techniques, including:
Sheet metal folding (sometimes known as CNC press braking)
If you’re working with metals, you might have heard a variety of terms come up in your day-to-day communications. One of these terms will likely be non-ferrous, and ferrous metals – but exactly what are they, what’s the difference, and when do you use each type?
In this blog, we take a deep dive into a non-ferrous and ferrous metals list, discussing their features and properties to compare against each other. We’ll also discuss the role ferrous metals play within metal fabrication services.
What makes a metal ‘ferrous?’
What exactly makes a metal ‘ferrous’? Well, the key difference lies in the iron content. Ferrous metals (such as steel, cast iron) contain iron, making them strong, magnetic, and prone to rust.
Meanwhile, non-ferrous metals (such as aluminium and copper) do not contain iron, meaning they are non-magnetic and have higher corrosion resistance.
List of ferrous metals
There are an abundance of ferrous metals out there that are used on a daily basis. The most common ones include:
Mild Steel: Used to create structural beams, automotive parts, household appliances, machinery parts, and construction frameworks.
Carbon Steel: Usedto manufacturehigh-strength components like gears, shafts, and tools.
Stainless Steel: Often found in kitchen utensils and cooking equipment. Also found in medical instruments and components that require corrosion resistance.
Cast Iron: Can be found in engine blocks, pipes, manhole covers, machine parts, and other heavy-duty castings.
Wrought Iron: Commonly used to create decorative railings, gates, and furniture. It is used for its malleability and aesthetic qualities.
Tool Steel: Used forcutting tools, dies, moulds, and other high-wear parts due to its hardness and resistance to abrasion.
Alloy Steel: Applications includestructural components, aerospace parts, and automotive parts.
List of non-ferrous metals
Non-ferrous metals are just as important as ferrous metals when it comes to everyday usage. Typical non-ferrous metals individuals and businesses use include:
Copper: Commonly found in electrical wiring, plumbing pipes, roofing materials, heat exchangers, and (of course) coins.
Brass: Used in plumbing fittings, musical instruments, electrical connectors, decorative items, and hardware components.
Bronze: Itswear resistance and strength means bronze is commonly found inbearings, bushings, sculptures, coins, and marine hardware.
Nickel: Used in the production of stainless steel. You can also find nickel in batteries and electroplating.
Titanium: High strength-to-weight ratio means this is a popular material for aerospace components, sports equipment, and automotive parts.
Magnesium: Used in aerospace components, automotive parts, and portable electronic devices.
Silver: Most commonly found injewellery and coins, but can also be used in electrical contacts and cutlery.
Non-ferrous vs ferrous metals list of features
The presence or lack of iron content brings with it more differences between ferrous and non-ferrous metals. Let’s explore what this means when it comes to the reasons why these features make them appealing to certain projects.
Non-ferrous and ferrous metals play a significant role in metal fabrication services due to their strength, durability, and versatility. Below you’ll find some of the ways this ferrous metals list can be formed, fabricated, and worked on.
Cutting and shaping
Non-ferrous and ferrous metals can be cut and shaped using various methods such as shearing, sawing, laser cutting, and plasma cutting. Processes like this can create components for structural frames, machinery parts, and other custom products.
Welding and joining
Differenttypesof welding techniques, such as MIG, TIG, and spot welding are used to join non-ferrous and ferrous metals together. Ferrous metals offer excellent weldability qualities, making them a favourite for professional welding services and welders alike.
Machining
Turning, milling, and drilling are all examples of machining processes that are used to achieve precise dimensions and finishes. Non-ferrous and ferrous metals are commonly machined for parts that require high strength and precision.
Sheet metal folding
Sheets of non-ferrous and ferrous metals can be bent into the desired shape using CNC press brakes or folding machines. Sheet metal folding allows for accurate bends and angles, essential for manufacturing parts with tight tolerances. Folding durable and robust non-ferrous and ferrous metals maintains their strength and structural integrity.
Heat treatment
Heat treatment processes can be used to change the mechanical properties of non-ferrous and ferrous metals. These processes include annealing, quenching, and tempering – which are used to improve hardness, strength, and ductility.
Coating and finishing
Non-ferrous and ferrous metals often undergo coating processes like painting or powder coating services to improve aesthetic appearance and corrosion resistance. This is especially true for outdoor applications where durability and appearance are important.
Forming and fabrication
Sheet metal fabricationmayinvolve bending, rolling, or stamping non-ferrous and ferrous metals into various forms. These methods are used to produce sheet metal parts, structural sections, and other custom components.
Casting
Casting processes like investment casting and sand casting are used to create complex shapes from molten ferrous metals, like cast iron. The resulting cast ferrous metals can be used for engine blocks, pump housings, and decorative items.
Expert metal fabrication services from Salamander fabrications
Here at Salamander Fabrications, we provide a range of expert sheet metal fabrication services to organisations all over the country. We are proud to boast over 50 years of producing high quality fabricated metal products with exceptional customer experience.
Our expert team has the skills and knowhow required to turn your product or project ideas into reality. This includes working with all of the materials mentioned in the above non-ferrous and ferrous metals list.
Spot welding is a form of resistance welding that joins together two or more metals (usually sheets of metal) by applying pressure and heat. The heat is generated by an electrical current. This is directed at specific, localised ‘spots’ rather than having a continuously moving weld – hence the name spot welding.
The heat melts the metal at the points of contact, and when it cools a welded joint is created. Materials that can undergo spot welding include, but are not limited to:
Spot welding is just one of a number of professional welding services we offer here at Salamander Fabrications. Carry on reading to find out what spot welding is and how it works, as well as the pros and cons of this method.
How does spot welding work?
Spot welding works in four different stages; first you prepare, next, you clamp the metal sheets together, then you weld them – until finally, you cool them and release the electrodes. Let’s explore the process you should follow in more detail below:
Preparation
You should remove any dirt, grease, or oxidation from the metal surfaces being worked on pre-weld, otherwise this may interfere with the weld quality.
Align and position the pieces to be welded between the electrodes of the spot welding machine.
Clamping
Apply pressure to clamp the sheets together, but make sure it is the correct amount of pressure and electrode force. Too much pressure can result in cracking, and too little pressure may make the joint too weak.
Welding
An electrical current is passed through the electrodes to the targeted area, generating heat. The metal at the interface between the sheets melts to form a weld. The amount of heat generated depends on the electrical resistance and thermal conductivity of the metal.
Cooling and Release
When the current is turned off the molten metal cools and solidifies to form a strong joint. The rate at which the weld cools will affect the microstructure of the weld. You should control cooling to prevent cracking and improve the weld strength.
The electrodes are released and the process is complete.
Other Factors to Consider When Spot Welding
Size of the tip diameter
The size of the welding tip diameter is extremely important as this controls the size of the spot weld itself. If it’s too big you run the risk of overheating the metals and causing voids or gas pockets in the weld. If it’s too small, the weld may be too weak.
Welding time cycle
The amount of time that the metals being worked on are subjected to electrode pressure and electrical current can affect your overall results. Short weld times can result in incomplete formation, whilst long weld times may cause excessive heat buildup. This leads to material degradation in most cases.
Material type
Metals with lower electrical conductivity (like steel) are easier to spot weld in comparison to those with higher conductivity, like aluminium and copper. These metals can make spot welding more challenging as they require higher currents to generate enough heat.
Thickness of the materials
The thickness of the materials being worked on directly affects the strength of the weld. Thicker materials require a higher current and longer weld times, and vice versa.
Electrode material and shape
Electrodes are usually made from copper alloys due to their electrical and thermal conductivity properties. The choice of alloy affects heat generation and the cooling rate at the weld spot. The tip can also come in several different shapes and sizes to suit the specific requirements of the weld.
Weld spacing
The distance between each individual spot weld needs to be carefully planned. If they are too far apart the integrity of the joint may be compromised. If they are too close together, the heat generated from one weld may weaken the adjacent weld.
Quality monitoring
Visual inspections are important after a weld is complete, but you might not always spot every issue.Non-Destructive Testing (NDT) methods like ultrasonic testing or X-ray inspections can be used to assess the integrity of spot welds, but they can be challenging. In automated production, methods such as Robotic MIG welding apply real-time monitoring of current, voltage, and pressure. This helps detect issues during the actual welding process, rather than afterward when it could be too late to save the quality of the weld.
Pros and Cons of Spot Welding
Pros
Speed and efficiency: Spot welding is a quick and highly efficient process.
Cost-effective: No filler materials or shielding gases are required, saving on costs.
Ideal for thinner materials: Spot welding is particularly effective for joining thin sheets of metal.
Automation: The process can be easily automated, making it suitable for high-volume production.
Minimal distortion: Less thermal distortion compared to other types of welding methods due to localised application.
Cons
Not ideal for thicker materials: Spot welding is typically used for sheet metals that are up to 3mm thick.
Inspecting weld quality: Non-destructive testing of spot welds can be challenging, so quality is heavily reliant on visual inspection and careful control of the welding parameters.
Not suitable for all joint configurations: Spot welding is best suited for lap joints where two pieces overlap.
Localised heating: Spot welding can cause issues like cracking or improper fusion if not carefully controlled.
Applications of Spot Welding
Another important factor to consider when asking the question of ‘what is spot welding’, is its typical uses and applications. We have listed a few of them below:
Automotive industry: Spot welding is extensively used in car manufacturing and the transportation sector to assemble body panels and countless other parts.
Aerospace industry: Spot welding services are common for the aerospace industry as many aircraft components require this method for strength and to save on weight – especially the case when working with aluminium.
Retail and leisure sector: Sheet metal fabrication used alongside spot welding can help to build bespoke retail displays and visual merchandising platforms.
Household appliances: Refrigerators, microwaves, washing machines, dishwashers, and a whole lot more in your home will probably have undergone some form of spot welding to join the metal parts together.
Construction and security sector: Aluminium, steel, mild steel, and stainless steel are all commonly used within the construction industry – all of which can be subjected to spot welding for strength and durability.
Expert Welding Services from Salamander Fabrications
Our spot welding service encompasses just one part of the repertoire of services we provide here at Salamander Fabrications.
Not only do we maintain high-quality control with quality checks in our double ISO-accredited manufacturing facility, but we also have over 50 years of experience providing metal fabrications services, so we know how to turn your product requirements into reality.If you would like some more information or advice please feel free to contact us. Give us a call on 01484 843599 , or send an email to sales@salamanderfabs.com.Our friendly sales team will be more than happy to help.
MIG (Metal Inert Gas) welding is an extremely common welding process that is sometimes called Gas Metal Arc Welding (GMAW) – but what is MIG welding all about? This process makes use of an electric arc to fuse pieces of metal together. The method is used widely across many different industries due to its speed, ease of use and ability to create good quality, strong welds.
In this blog we will discuss how MIG welding works and compare it to other welding services that we also provide here at Salamander Fabrications.
Key Components of MIG Welding
Welding Gun: Also called a welding torch, this holds the wire electrode and directs it to the welding area. It also releases a shielding gas that protects the weld from contamination.
Wire Electrode: A consumable wire is continuously fed through the gun that melts during the process, becoming part of the weld.
Shielding Gas: A gas is used to shield the molten weld from oxygen and other atmospheric contaminants. This is typically an inert gas like argon, or a mixture of gases like argon and carbon dioxide. This helps prevent defects and improves weld quality.
Power Supply: A constant voltage power source is required, typically with a direct current (DC), to maintain a steady arc and consistent weld quality.
Benefits of MIG Welding
Speed: A continuous wire feed allows for faster welding.
Versatility: Can be used on various metals, including steel, aluminium, and stainless steel.
Clean welds: Shielding gas minimises slag and produces cleaner welds.
Ease of use: All of our welding operators are highly skilled and qualified, so they know what they are doing. However, despite requiring skill, MIG welding is relatively easy to learn.
How Does MIG Welding Work?
Welding Machine Setup
MIG welding uses a constant voltage power supply. A spool of wire that acts as an electrode is fed through the welding gun at a controlled, continuous rate. Argon, or a mix of argon and CO2, also flows through the welding gun as shielding gas, surrounding the wire as it exits. This shields the weld area from atmospheric contamination.
Creating the Arc
The wire exits the welding gun when the welder pulls the trigger. An electrical arc is created between the wire and the metal workpieces being worked on. The arc generates heat, which melts both the wire and the workpieces, making them fuse together.
Shielding
The shielding gas protects the molten weld pool from reacting with the oxygen, nitrogen, and hydrogen in the air. If this were to occur, it can cause defects like porosity, spatter, and weakness in the welds
Weld Formation
The welder will move the welding gun along the joint and the wire will continuously melt, leaving molten metal in the weld pool. When the pool cools and solidifies it forms a strong bond between the metal pieces being worked on.
How is TIG Welding Different?
TIG (Tungsten Inert Gas) welding, also called Gas Tungsten Arc Welding (GTAW), is another popular welding process. It shares some similarities with MIG welding, but there are some key differences in the:
way it works
skills required
types of projects it’s suited to
Key Differences Between TIG and MIG Welding
MIG Welding
TIG Welding
Electrode type
Uses a continuously fed consumable wire electrode that melts and becomes part of the weld.
Uses a non-consumable tungsten electrode that does not melt. A separate filler rod is often used instead to add material to the weld. However, some TIG welding processes can be done without filler metal.
Welding process
The wire electrode is fed through the welding gun, and an electric arc is created between the wire and the workpiece. The wire melts, filling the weld joint.
The welder manually holds the torch with the tungsten electrode in one hand and the filler rod in the other (if filler is used). The electric arc is struck between the tungsten electrode and the workpiece, and the welder controls the addition of filler metal by dipping the rod into the weld pool.
Shielding gas
Typically uses an inert or semi-inert gas to shield the weld area. This may include argon, CO2, or a mixture of both.
Uses pure argon for most metals, but sometimes helium or a mixture of argon and helium is used.
Control and precision
Easier to learn and faster, but offers less control over appearance and penetration.
Provides greater control over the welding process, allowing for precise, clean welds, especially on thinner materials. It also allows for better control over the heat input, reducing the risk of warping or distortion.
Applications
Commonly used for thicker materials, general fabrication, automotive work, and projects where speed is a priority.
Ideal for thin materials like aluminium and stainless steel. Preferred for high precision work, such as aerospace and automotive related projects, and where an aesthetically pleasing weld is required.
Weld quality
Good quality welds, but may result in more spatter. May require post-weld cleanup.
High quality welds with no spatter. Post-weld cleaning often not required.
Difficulty and skill level
Easier to learn and faster to master, making it suitable for beginners.
More challenging to master due to the need for coordination and precise control between both hands.
MIG Welding Compared to Other Welding Services
Spot Welding
Spot Welding is more specialised, focusing on quickly and efficiently joining thin metal sheets with discrete welds. This makes it the ideal method for mass production environments like automotive manufacturing.
Other differences include:
Spot welding does not use filler or shielding gas. The weld is formed by pressure and heat generated by an electric current.
Spot welding can be automated, especially in manufacturing processes. Whereas with MIG welding, the welder usually controls the movement of the welding gun, making it suitable for both automated and manual applications.
Primarily used for joining thin sheets of metal, whereas MIG welding is suitable for a wide range of applications, including construction, automotive repair, and metal fabrication services.
Spot welding is typically used to create individual weld spots rather than continuous welds.
Less suitable for high stress or load bearing applications compared to MIG welding.
Robotic MIG Welding
MIG welding and Robotic MIG welding are closely related but with one primary difference – Robotic MIG welding has a higher level of automation. The same basic MIG welding principles are applied, but the inclusion of robotic technology improves efficiency, consistency, and application.
Other differences include:
In robotic MIG welding, the welding process is controlled by a robotic arm programmed to follow precise instructions, rather than a human welder.
With MIG welding, the quality of a weld heavily depends on the skill and experience of the operator. On the other hand, a robot will follow a pre-programmed path precisely, ensuring consistent weld quality across multiple identical parts.
A robot is less able to adapt to unexpected situations, variations, or non-standard operations. Whereas human welders can be trained to handle different materials, positions, techniques and unexpected situations.
Robots can operate continuously, making them perfect for repetitively producing large quantities of identical parts, at speed. MIG welding is more suitable for projects where welds require special attention.
Robots do not get tired! They can work consistently at speed, for as long as you need them to, with no drop in quality. This leads to significant time and cost savings in high volume production.
Expert Welding Services at Salamander Fabrications
Here at Salamander Fabrications we have over 50 years of welding experience. Our welding operators are highly skilled coded welders with experience working with steels, stainless steels, aluminium, and many other materials.
For more information or advice on your next project please feel free to contact us, give us a call on 01484 843599 or send an email to sales@salamanderfabs.com.
Humans have been welding bits of metal and alloys together since the Bronze Age, and welding stainless steel has been prominent since the early 20th century. This involves applying heat, pressure, or both to 2 or more pieces of material to bind them together. An additional material is typically used to create a ‘join’, often referred to as a ‘filler’ or ‘consumable’.
In this blog we will highlight the challenges, methods and best practices involved in welding services such as those that we provide here at Salamander Fabrications.
Stainless Steel Welding Methods
Spot Welding
Also known as resistance welding, this is one of the most common methods of welding stainless steel and many other metal materials. In this process a copper alloy electrode is used in contact with the metal sheet surfaces being worked on. This leads to an electric current passing through them, which applies heat and pressure, melting the material.
As the parts fuse together the electric current is removed but the pressure is maintained, creating a joint. This welding process doesn’t use filler material and has no risk of weld spatter.
MIG (metal inert gas) welding is usually most suited to larger or thicker materials. This type of arc welding generates heat via the use of a continuously fed electrical current. This melts the materials so that a solid joint is formed when cooled. A consumable wire acts as both the electrode and the filler.
The benefits of MIG welding stainless steel include:
Shorter lead times in comparison to TIG welding
Little to no cleaning or finishing of the welds required
Low production costs
TIG Welding
TIG (tungsten inert gas) welding is usually most suited to smaller or thinner materials. This approach uses a non-consumable tungsten electrode and a filler is optional. Heat applied to the weld can be controlled via a foot pedal or finger control, increasing precision and minimising the chances of warping.
The benefits of TIG welding stainless steel include:
Greater control compared to MIG welding
Really strong welds can be achieved with this method
Ultimate precision
Robotic MIG Welding
This is also known as gas metal arc welding (GMAW) and essentially involves a robotic welding system rather than a human to carry out the MIG process. The system is fed a filler wire continuously, where a high-temperature electrified tip is used to melt the wire. This is a semi-automatic process that can be operated by a welder remotely.
The benefits of robotic MIG welding stainless steel include:
Safer process for the human welder
Consistently high quality results
Lower production costs
Welding Stainless Steel Challenges and Best Practices
Heat Sensitivity, Warping and Distortion: Heat tends to stay localised to the weld area as stainless steel has low thermal conductivity. This may lead to excessive heat buildup, which can cause warping or distortion.
To avoid this you can:
use low heat input and fast travel speeds
allow the material to cool between welds
use pre-weld and post-weld clamping to control distortion
Maintaining Corrosion Resistance: If welded incorrectly, chromium carbides can form that deplete chromium from the alloy. This causes ‘sensitisation’ which makes the steel more prone to corrosion.
To avoid this you can:
control the temperature between passes in multi-pass welds
use filler materials with higher chromium and nickel content
clean the area thoroughly before and after welding
Avoiding Cracking: Stainless steel is susceptible to both hot and cold cracking. Hot cracking occurs during solidification and cold cracking can happen when the weld has cooled down.
To avoid this you can:
use a filler material that matches the stainless steel’s properties
consider pre-heating thicker sections and control cooling rates afterwards
avoid welding in cold environments
Oxidation and Discoloration: Stainless steel can form an oxide layer when exposed to air during welding. This creates a heat tint that can reduce corrosion resistance.
To avoid this you can:
use an inert shielding gas like argon
use shielding gas on the underside of the weld when welding pipes or tubes
clean or treat the material post-weld
Avoiding Gas Pockets: Gas pockets can sometimes get trapped in the weld, which will weaken a joint.
To avoid this you can:
clean the welding surface and ensure it is free from oils and moisture
use the correct shielding gas and maintain consistent gas flow
check for leaks in your gas supply system
Other Best Practices for Welding Stainless Steel
Use dedicated tools and equipment to avoid cross-contamination from other materials.
Use the correct electrode or filler material that matches the stainless steel grade being welded.
Keep heat input as low as possible/you need to.
Always ensure proper ventilation to protect against hazardous fumes.
Maintain a controlled and consistent weld speed to avoid excessive heat buildup.
Allow the weld to cool slowly and naturally.
Use pickling paste, mechanical cleaning, or passivation to remove any oxide layers or discoloration and restore corrosion resistance.
Conduct non-destructive testing (NDT) to ensure weld quality.
Professional Welding Services at Salamander Fabrications
A team of expert welders coupled with a depth of industry-relevant knowledge means we are one of the UK’s most trusted providers of welding services. We have completed countless different interesting stainless steel related projects over the last 50+ years in the business. We look forward to helping you with yours.
All of our welding operators are highly skilled coded welders with experience working with steels, stainless steels, aluminium, and many other metal materials.
Salamander Fabrications Welding Specifications
EN 15614-1: Specification and qualification of welding procedures for metallic materials. Part 1: Arc and gas welding of steels and arc welding of nickel and nickel alloys.
EN 15614-2: Specification and qualification of welding procedures for metallic materials. Part 2: Arc welding of aluminium and its alloys.
EN 9606-1: Qualification testing of welders. Fusion welding – steels.
EN 9606-2: Qualification test of welders. Fusion welding – aluminium and aluminium alloys.
Contact Our Friendly Sales Team for More Information
If you would like some more information or advice please feel free to contact us, give us a call on 01484 843599 or send an email to sales@salamanderfabs.com.Our friendly sales team will be more than happy to help find the right solution for your stainless steel welding needs.
High resistance to corrosion is just one of the many unique stainless steel properties that makes it hugely beneficial to a wide range of applications. Stainless steel is a type of steel alloy that is made primarily from iron and carbon, with at least 10.5% chromium content.
The full composition of stainless steel includes:
Iron
Chromium
Nickel
Molybdenum
Carbon
Depending on the grade and/or application, stainless steel may also contain manganese, silicon, titanium, and nitrogen.
In this blog we will discuss stainless steel properties, grades and applications. We will also touch on the role of metal fabrication services in the process of turning sheets of stainless steel into viable products.
Stainless Steel Properties
No Corrosion: Chromium forms a thin oxide layer on the surface of the steel, which is known as the passive layer. This prevents corrosion and protects the metal from rusting.
Strong and Durable: High tensile strength and durability makes stainless steel suitable for a wide range of demanding applications, including construction and security, the science and food industries, and transportation.
Temperature Resistant: Stainless steel can withstand both very high and very low temperatures, and is fire resistant too. This makes it an ideal choice of material for work in extreme conditions – such as with the aerospace industry.
Easy to Maintain: Stainless steel is really easy to clean, sanitise and maintain. This is the main reason it is widely used in food, medical, and pharmaceutical sectors where cleanliness is crucial.
Modern and Clean Appearance: As it’s so easy to clean and preserve, you’ll maintain the shiny, modern and attractive appearance that stainless steel provides all year round.
Eco Friendly Choice: Stainless steel is 100% recyclable, making it an environmentally friendly choice of material.
Stainless Steel Grades
Stainless steel is categorised into various grades based on its chemical composition, microstructure, mechanical properties, and application. There are over 150 of them! Each grade is assigned a label/number and they all follow both national and international standards.
A lot to get your head around! Nevertheless, only around 15 of these grades are commonly used – and all 150+ can be broadly categorised into 5 main groups based on microstructure.
Austenitic Stainless Steel
This is the most common category of stainless steel, often used to create kitchen equipment and cutlery.
Common examples of austenitic stainless steel include:
304: Perhaps the most common stainless steel grade in the world provides excellent corrosion resistance, weldability, and formability.
316: Added molybdenum boosts corrosion resistance, especially in environments involving chloride.
Ferritic Stainless Steel
Ferritic stainless steels have high chromium content, making them highly resistant to corrosion, thermal fatigue and stress cracking.
Common examples of ferritic stainless steel include:
430: Usually less expensive than 300-series stainless steel grades. It contains less chromium in comparison but is still resistant to corrosion.
409: Offers great formability and weldability properties but lower corrosion resistance.
Martensitic Stainless Steel
Martensitic stainless steels provide creep resistance at higher temperatures and great strength at lower temperatures. High ductility and toughness makes them easier to form.
Common examples of martensitic stainless steel include:
420: High carbon content offers increased hardness and wear resistance.
440C: Has the highest hardness and wear resistance of all stainless steel grades.
Duplex Stainless Steel
Duplex stainless steels contain a low amount of nickel, but chromium and molybdenum content is high. This creates a material that has double the strength of typical austenitic or ferritic stainless steels.
Common examples of duplex stainless steel include:
2205: A combination of austenitic and ferritic stainless steel, with high strength and superior resistance to pitting and stress corrosion cracking.
2507: Very high resistance to chloride stress corrosion cracking and pitting.
Precipitation-Hardening Stainless Steel
Precipitation-hardening stainless steel offers high strength, good corrosion resistance, and excellent mechanical properties.
Common examples of precipitation-hardening stainless steel include:
17-4 PH: Can be heat-treated to achieve very high levels of strength.
15-5 PH: Similar to 17-4 PH but with improved toughness and ductility.
Stainless Steel Applications
Stainless steel’s combination of properties, longevity, and reliability makes it an essential material across various applications.
Common uses and applications include:
Construction and Architecture: Stainless steel is used to create various structural components such as cladding, handrails, decorative elements, kiosks, vending machines and enclosures. This is due to stainless steel properties such as strength, durability, and aesthetic appeal.
Automotive and Aerospace: Exhaust systems, aircraft frames, and transportation components make use of high-strength and corrosion-resistant stainless steel.
Food and Beverage Industry: Stainless steel is commonly used in kitchen equipment, food processing machinery, and storage tanks because of its hygienic and corrosion resistant properties.
Medical and Pharmaceutical: For the same reasons, stainless steel is also used in surgical instruments, implants, and pharmaceutical equipment.
Chemical Processing: Duplex stainless steels are often used in chemical processing plants to handle or transport corrosive chemicals.
Marine Applications: Boat fittings, fasteners, and other components exposed to saltwater or chloride can benefit from stainless steel.
The Role of Metal Fabrication Services
Metal fabrication services allow you to turn flat sheets of stainless steel into metal structures or products. This usually involves combining separate metal components to form a larger end product.
The sheet metal fabrication process can include a number of different techniques and procedures, such as:
Bending – sometimes known as CNC folding or CNC press braking.
Welding – including spot welding, MIG and TIG welding, and robot welding.
Here at Salamander Fabrications we understand design and manufacturing and specialise in sheet metal fabrication. With over 50 years’ experience building and creating products for a wide range of applications, we have the know-how to turn your product requirements into reality.
Feel free to contact us, give us a call on 01484 843599 or send an email to sales@salamanderfabs.com if you have any questions or would like some more information.Our friendly sales team will be more than happy to help!
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